Livestock-mediated food waste conversion: Advancing resource efficiency and sustainable agriculture

Authors

  • Munir OZTURK Ege University, Department of Botany and Centre for Environmental Studies, Izmir, 35100 (TR)
  • Iqra SIDDIQUE National University of Sciences and Technology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Islamabad, 44000 (PK)
  • Alvina GUL National University of Sciences and Technology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Islamabad, 44000 (PK)
  • Ibrahim Ertugrul YALCIN Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul, 34353 (TR) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3140-7922
  • Volkan ALTAY Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Hatay, 31060 (TR)
  • Bengu TURKYILMAZ UNAL Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Niğde, 51240 (TR)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha53314683

Keywords:

animal feed, environmental impacts, food waste upcycling, sustainability, sustainable agriculture, waste food management

Abstract

Food waste throughout the agri-food supply chain has significant environmental and economic consequences on a global scale. To address this issue, upcycling food waste through livestock is a promising approach that can help achieve sustainability goals. The upcycling of food waste via livestock involves feeding food waste to animals, such as pigs or chickens, instead of disposing of it as waste. This approach offers multiple benefits, including reducing the amount of food waste that ends up in landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and producing a source of protein, offering a sustainable solution to the food waste problem. Through utilizing food waste as a resource for animal feed, this process adds value while simultaneously tackling environmental concerns linked to food waste. Furthermore, this process can generate income for farmers and lower the cost of animal feed. However, there are regulatory and safety concerns associated with the use of food waste as animal feed, necessitating strict guidelines and monitoring. Despite the challenges, upcycling food waste via livestock provides a promising solution to food waste management issues. It provides a win-win solution for both the environment and economy, presenting a promising way forward for the future of agriculture by minimizing food waste, promoting sustainability in the food industry, and offering a new source of animal feed. This study argues that upcycling food waste through livestock farming has significant potential for minimizing food waste, promoting sustainability in the food industry, and providing a new source of animal feed. It provides a win-win solution for both the environment and economy, representing a promising way forward for the future of agriculture.

References

Adiguzel F, Donato C (2021). Proud to be sustainable: Upcycled versus recycled luxury products. Journal of Business Research 130:137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.033

Al-Tulaihan AA, Najib H, Al-Eid SM (2004). The nutritional evaluation of locally produced dried bakery waste (DBW) in the broiler diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3:294-299. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2004.294.299

Aldaco R, Hoehn D, Laso J, Margallo M, Ruiz-Salmón J, Cristobal J, … Batlle-Bayer L (2020). Food waste management during the COVID-19 outbreak: a holistic climate, economic and nutritional approach. Science of the Total Environment 742:140524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140524

Alliance FWR (2016). Analysis of US food waste among food manufacturers, retailers, and restaurants. Food Marketing Institute, the Grocery Manufacturers Association & the National Restaurant Association, Arlington, USA. Retrieved 2025 August 12 from https://www.foodwastealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/FWRA-Food-Waste-Survey-2016-Report_Final.pdf

Ambuko JL, Masakhwe SM, Amwoka E, Mujuka E, Fabi C (2025). Food loss and waste data gaps in fruit and vegetable value chains: a review of the literature. Frontiers in Horticulture 4:1529040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhort.2025.1529040

Angulo J, Mahecha L, Yepes SA, Yepes AM, Bustamante G, Jaramillo H, Valencia E, Villamil T, Gallo J (2012). Nutritional evaluation of fruit and vegetable waste as feedstuff for diets of lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Environmental Management 95:S210-S214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.050

Aschemann-Witzel J, Asioli D, Banovic M, Perito MA, Peschel AO, Stancu V (2023). Defining upcycled food: The dual role of upcycling in reducing food loss and waste. Trends in Food Science & Technology 132:132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.001

Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Ahmad MSAF, Aksoy A (2012). Crop production for agricultural improvement. Springer Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4116-4

Aydin AE, Yildirim P (2021). Understanding food waste behavior: The role of morals, habits and knowledge. Journal of Cleaner Production 280:124250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124250

Blair D, Sobal J (2006). Luxus consumption: Wasting food resources through overeating. Agriculture and Human Values 23:63-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-5869-4

Bond M, Meacham T, Bhunnoo R, Benton T (2013). Food waste within global food systems. Global Food Security Swindon UK. Retrieved 2025 July 03 from www.foodsecurity.ac.uk

Bonev P, Gorkun-Voevoda L, Knaus M (2022). The effect of environmental policies on intrinsic motivation: evidence from the Eurobarometer surveys. In: Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2022: Big Data in Economics, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, Kiel, Hamburg

Caldeira C, De Laurentiis V, Corrado S, Van Holsteijn F, Sala S (2019). Quantification of food waste per product group along the food supply chain in the European Union: a mass flow analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 149:479-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.011

Caldeira C, Vlysidis A, Fiore G, De Laurentiis V, Vignali G, Sala S (2020). Sustainability of food waste biorefinery: A review on valorisation pathways, techno-economic constraints, and environmental assessment. Bioresource Technology 312:123575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123575

Carpentieri S, Soltanipour F, Ferrari G, Pataro G, Donsì F (2021). Emerging green techniques for the extraction of antioxidants from agri-food by-products as promising ingredients for the food industry. Antioxidants 10(9):1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091417

Chaboud G, Daviron B (2017). Food losses and waste: Navigating the inconsistencies. Global Food Security 12:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.11.004

De B, Das RC (2025). Examining whether developed or developing nations make more food waste: extracts from export–import data on food products. Quality & Quantity 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02129-3

Dou Z (2021). Leveraging livestock to promote a circular food system. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 8:188-192. https://doi.org/10.15302/j-fase-2020370

Dou Z, Toth JD (2021). Global primary data on consumer food waste: Rate and characteristics-A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168:105332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105332baker

Dou Z, Toth JD, Pitta DW, Bender JS, Hennessy ML, Vecchiarelli B, … Baker LD (2022). Proof of concept for developing novel feeds for cattle from wasted food and crop biomass to enhance agri-food system efficiency. Scientific reports 12:13630. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17812-w

Dou Z, Toth JD, Westendorf ML (2018). Food waste for livestock feeding: Feasibility, safety, and sustainability implications. Global food security 17:154-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.12.003

Eastham J, Creedon A (2023). Food losses, food waste, and beyond in food supply chains: Retaining optimum nutrient density. Food Frontiers 4:971-979. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.271

Eche V, Emenike CU, Rupasinghe HV (2025). Nutritional Value of brewer’s spent grain and consumer acceptance of its value-added food products. Foods 14(16):2900. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162900

Edjabou ME, Petersen C, Scheutz C, Astrup TF (2016). Food waste from Danish households: Generation and composition. Waste management 52:256-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.032

FAO E (2019a). Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. FAO Rome, Italy.

FAO I (2019b). The state of food and agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. FAO, Rome 2-13.

Forbes H (2021). Food waste index report 2021. Retrieved 2025 July 02 from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/unep-food-waste-index-report-2021

Foresight U (2011). The future of food and farming. Final Project Report, London, The Government Office for Science.

Fung L, Urriola PE, Baker L, Shurson GC (2019a). Estimated energy and nutrient composition of different sources of food waste and their potential for use in sustainable swine feeding programs. Translational Animal Science 3:359-368. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy099

Fung L, Urriola PE, Shurson GC (2019b). Energy, amino acid, and phosphorus digestibility and energy prediction of thermally processed food waste sources for swine. Translational Animal Science 3:676-691. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz028

Gaur M, Yadav S, Soni A, Tomar D, Jangra A, Joia S, ... Trajkovska Petkoska A (2025). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd): nutritional profile, health benefits, and sustainability considerations. Discover Food 5(1):172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-025-00470-y

Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, Mottet A, Opio C, Dijkman J, Falcucci A, Tempio G (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3437e/i3437e00.htm

Gooch M, Bucknell D, Laplain D, Dent B, Whitehead P, Felfel A, Nikkel L, Maguire M (2019). The avoidable crisis of food waste: Technical report. Value Chain Management International and Second Harvest, Ontario Canada. Retrieved 2025 July 02 from https://vcm-international.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/The-Avoidable-Crisis-of-Food-Waste-NR-January-17-2019.pdf

Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Van Otterdijk R, Meybeck A (2011). Global food losses and food waste. FAO Rome 1-37. Retrieved 2025 July 02 from https://www.fao.org/4/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf

Hamilton C (2004). Real and perceived issues involving animal proteins. Protein sources for the animal feed industry. In: FAO Expert Consultation and Workshop. Bangkok Thailand 29 April-3 May 2002, 2004. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) pp 255-276.

Imazaki PH, Lewandowski C, Magana ML, Rohmer M, Bailly JD, David L (2025). Development and validation of an escape game for food safety education: amifying the management of a food-borne health alert. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education e20240151. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2024-0151

Isaac-Bamgboye FJ, Onyeaka H, Isaac-Bamgboye IT, Chukwugozie DC, Afolayan M (2025). Upcycling technologies for food waste management: safety, limitations, and current trends. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 18(1):2533894. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2025.2533894

Jinno C, He Y, Morash D, Mcnamara E, Zicari S, King A, Stein HH, Liu Y (2018). Enzymatic digestion turns food waste into feed for growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 242:48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.006

Kazemi M (2025). Recycling agricultural waste: sustainable solutions for enhancing livestock nutrition. Veterinary Medicine and Science 11(3):e70321. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70321

Kim MH, Song YE, Song HB, Kim JW, Hwang SJ (2011). Evaluation of food waste disposal options by LCC analysis from the perspective of global warming: Jungnang case, South Korea. Waste Management 31:2112-2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.019

Lestari TD, Khairullah AR, Utama S, Mulyati S, Hernawati T, Damayanti R, ... Lisnanti EF (2025). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: A review of current knowledge and challenges. Open Veterinary Journal 15(1):54. https://doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2025.v15.i1.5

Levis JW, Barlaz MA, Themelis NJ, Ulloa P (2010). Assessment of the state of food waste treatment in the United States and Canada. Waste management 30:1486-1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.031

Li Z, Lu H, Ren L, He L (2013). Experimental and modeling approaches for food waste composting: A review. Chemosphere 93:1247-1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.064

Lipinski B, Hanson C, Waite R, Searchinger T, Lomax J (2013). Reducing food loss and waste. Working paper, installment 2 of creating a sustainable food future. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

Liu C, Hotta Y, Santo A, Hengesbaugh M, Watabe A, Totoki Y, Allen D, Bengtsson M (2016). Food waste in Japan: Trends, current practices and key challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production 133:557-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.026

MacRae R, Siu A, Kohn M, Matsubuchi-Shaw M, Mccallum D, Cervantes TH, Perreault D (2016). Making better use of what we have: Strategies to minimize food waste and resource inefficiency in Canada. Canadian Food Studies/La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 3:145-215. https://doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v3i2.143

Matthews C, Crispie F, Lewis E, Reid M, O’toole PW, Cotter PD (2019). The rumen microbiome: a crucial consideration when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation efficiency. Gut Microbes 10:115-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2018.1505176

Mbow C, Rosenzweig CE, Barioni LG, Benton TG, Herrero M, Krishnapillai M, … Xu I (2019). Food security. Retrieved in 2025 June 01 from https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf

Messner R, Johnson H, Richards C (2021). From surplus-to-waste: A study of systemic overproduction, surplus and food waste in horticultural supply chains. Journal of Cleaner Production 278:123952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123952

Mijares V, Alcivar J, Palacios C (2021). Food waste and its association with diet quality of foods purchased in South Florida. Nutrients 13:2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082535

Mottet A, De Haan C, Falcucci A, Tempio G, Opio C, Gerber P (2017). Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate. Global food security 14:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001

Mourad M (2016). Recycling, recovering and preventing “food waste”: Competing solutions for food systems sustainability in the United States and France. Journal of Cleaner Production 126:461-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.084

Nath PC, Ojha A, Debnath S, Sharma M, Nayak PK, Sridhar K, Inbaraj BS (2023a). Valorization of Food Waste as Animal Feed: A Step towards Sustainable Food Waste Management and Circular Bioeconomy. Animals (Basel) 13(8):1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081366

Nath PC, Ojha A, Debnath S, Sharma M, Nayak PK, Sridhar K, Inbaraj BS (2023b). Valorization of food waste as animal feed: a step towards sustainable food waste management and circular bioeconomy. Animals 13:1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081366

Nayan N, Sonnenberg AS, Hendriks WH, Cone JW (2020). Prospects and feasibility of fungal pretreatment of agricultural biomass for ruminant feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology 268:114577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114577

Nguyen DD, Chang SW, Cha JH, Jeong SY, Yoon YS, Lee SJ, Tran MC, Ngo HH (2017). Dry semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of food waste in the mesophilic and thermophilic modes: New aspects of sustainable management and energy recovery in South Korea. Energy Conversion And Management 135:445-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.030

Operato L, Panzeri A, Masoero G, Gallo A, Gomes L, Hamd W (2025). Food packaging use and post-consumer plastic waste management: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Food Science and Technology 5:1520532. https://doi.org/10.3389/frfst.2025.1520532

Ozturk M, Mermut A, Celik A (2011). Urbanisation, land use, land degradation and environment. Daya Publishing House, India p 445.

Ozturk M (2014). Biomass/bioenergy-prospects and challenges. Green infrastructure & sustainable societies/cities. Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

Ozturk M, Saba N, Altay V, Iqbal R, Hakeem KR, Jawaid M, Ibrahim FH (2017). Biomass and bioenergy: An overview of the development potential in Turkey and Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 79:1285-1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.111

Ozturk M, Hakeem KR, Ashraf M, Ahmad MSA (2019). Crop production technologies for sustainable use and conservation- physiological and molecular advances. apple Academic Press CRC Press p 457.

Ozturk M, Akram NA, Turkyilmaz BU, Ashraf M (2022). Introduction and application of organic fertilizers as protectors of our environment. Cambridge Scholars Press UK pp1-514.

Papargyropoulou E, Fearnyough K, Spring C, Antal L (2022). The future of surplus food redistribution in the UK: Reimagining a ‘win-win’scenario. Food Policy 108:102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102230

Parfitt J, Barthel M, Macnaughton S (2010). Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:3065-3081. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0126

Patetta MA, Pedraza LS, Popkin BM (2019). Improvements in the nutritional quality of US young adults based on food sources and socioeconomic status between 1989-1991 and 2011-2014. Nutrition Journal 18:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0460-4

Petrusán JI, Rawel H, Huschek G (2016). Protein-rich vegetal sources and trends in human nutrition: A review. Current Topics in Peptide & Protein Research 17:1-19.

Pinotti L, Luciano A, Ottoboni M, Manoni M, Ferrari L, Marchis D, Tretola M (2021). Recycling food leftovers in feed as opportunity to increase the sustainability of livestock production. Journal of Cleaner Production 294:126290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126290

Ren Y, Yu M, Wu C, Wang Q, Gao M, Huang Q, Liu Y (2018). A comprehensive review on food waste anaerobic digestion: Research updates and tendencies. Bioresource Technology 247:1069-1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.109

Richards C, Hurst B, Messner R, O'connor G (2021). The paradoxes of food waste reduction in the horticultural supply chain. Industrial Marketing Management 93:482-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.12.002

Richards T J, Hamilton SF (2018). Food waste in the sharing economy. Food Policy 75:109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.01.008

Ruppenthal T, Horoś IK (2021). Avoidance of food waste from a grocery retail store owner’s perspective. Sustainability 13(2):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020550

Salemdeeb R, Zu Ermgassen EK, Kim MH, Balmford A, Al-Tabbaa A (2017). Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options. Journal of cleaner production 140:871-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.049

Sandstrom V, Chrysafi A, Lamminen M, Troell M, Jalava M, Piipponen J, Siebert S, Van Hal O, Virkki V, Kummu M (2022). Food system by-products upcycled in livestock and aquaculture feeds can increase global food supply. Nature Food 3:729-740. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00589-6

Scherhaufer S, Moates G, Hartikainen H, Waldron K, Obersteiner G (2018). Environmental impacts of food waste in Europe. Waste Management 77:98-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.038

Shahin MA, Symons SJ (2011). Detection of Fusarium damaged kernels in Canada Western Red Spring wheat using visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and principal component analysis. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 75:107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2010.10.004

Shaw PJ (2021). Avoidable Household food waste: Diagnosing the links between causes and composition. Recycling 6:80. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6040080

Shurson GC (2020). “What a Waste” - Can we improve sustainability of food animal production systems by recycling food waste streams into animal feed in an era of health, climate, and economic crises? Sustainability 12:7071. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177071

Shurson GC, Palowski A, Van De Ligt JL, Schroeder DC, Balestreri C, Urriola PE, Sampedro F (2022). New perspectives for evaluating relative risks of African swine fever virus contamination in global feed ingredient supply chains. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 69:31-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14174

Srivastava A, Pandey S, Shahwal R, Sur A (2025). Recycling of waste into useful materials and their energy applications. In: Microbial niche nexus sustaining environmental biological wastewater and water-energy-environment nexus . Springer Nature Switzerland pp. 251-296.

Tadigadapa A (2022). Smart containers for food storage in refrigerators. IEEE Potentials 41:29-34. https://doi.org/10.1109/mpot.2021.3090575

Takata M, Fukushima K, Kino-Kimata N, Nagao N, Niwa C, Toda T (2012). The effects of recycling loops in food waste management in Japan: based on the environmental and economic evaluation of food recycling. Science of the total Environment 432:309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.049

Truong L, Morash D, Liu Y, King A (2019). Food waste in animal feed with a focus on use for broilers. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 8:417-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-0276-4

Van Bemmel A, Parizeau K (2020). Is it food or is it waste? The materiality and relational agency of food waste across the value chain. Journal of Cultural Economy 13:207-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2019.1684339

Van Doorn J (2016). Commentary: Why do we waste so much food? A research agenda. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 1:53-56.

Van Zanten HH (2022). Upcycled non-competing feedstuff. Nature Food 3:681-681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00590-z

Vandermeersch T, Alvarenga R, Ragaert P, Dewulf J (2014). Environmental sustainability assessment of food waste valorization options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 87:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.03.008

Varghese C, Pathak D, Varde AS (2021). SeVa: a food donation app for smart living. In: 2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) IEEE pp 0408-0413.

Wadhwa M, Bakshi MPS (2013). Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products. RAP publication 4:67.

Wang X, Dou Z, Feng S, Zhang Y, Ma L, Zou C, Bai Z, Lakshmanan P, Shi X,… Chen X (2023). Global food nutrients analysis reveals alarming gaps and daunting challenges. Nature Food 4:1007-1017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00851-5

WHO (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all, Food & Agriculture Org.

Westendorf M (2000). Food waste as animal feed: An introduction, Food Waste to Animal Feed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Xue L, Liu X, Lu S, Cheng G, Hu Y, Liu J, Dou Z, Cheng S, Liu G (2021). China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts. Nature Food 2:519-528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00317-6

Zu Ermgassen EK, Phalan B, Green RE, Balmford A (2016). Reducing the land use of EU pork production: where there’s swill, there’sa way. Food policy 58:35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001

Downloads

Published

2025-09-24

How to Cite

OZTURK, M., SIDDIQUE, I., GUL, A., YALCIN, I. E., ALTAY, V., & TURKYILMAZ UNAL, B. (2025). Livestock-mediated food waste conversion: Advancing resource efficiency and sustainable agriculture. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 53(3), 14683. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha53314683

Issue

Section

Review Articles
CITATION
DOI: 10.15835/nbha53314683

Most read articles by the same author(s)