Phytopharmacological profile, nutritional value and amaranthine content of Amaranthus and their significance in medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha52414070Keywords:
Amaranth, amaranthine, amino acid, nutritional value and use in medicine, phytopharmacological profileAbstract
The aim of this study was to determine the phytopharmacological properties and nutritional values in the protein and amino acid content of leaves and flowers in different species of the genus Amaranthus L., namely A. molleros, A. caudatus, A. mantegazzianus, and A. cruentus. The content of amarantin, total content of low molecular weight soluble antioxidants (CCA), phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid content in the mentioned species of amaranth were also determined. The studied six genotypes of amaranth belong to the collection of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade. Amaranth is known to be an excellent food crop due to the high nutritional value of its seeds and leaves and it is excellent phyto-medicinal crop, as its inflorescences and leaves can be used as sources of antioxidants, and its seeds for producing gluten free health-safe products. In leaves, the lysine content ranged from 3.9% (A. caudatus) to 7.0% (A. cruentus; A. molleros), and in flowers from 4.2% (A. caudatus) to 7.4% (A. cruentus -G8) while the amaranth content varied (1.2-2.2%), antioxidants (CCA 1.6-3.5%), and ascorbic acid content (150-200%). Amaranth has the ability to improve the functionality of the immune system, enabling an outstanding balance of amino acid composition, as well as the ratio of lysine to arginine. Antioxidants, amaranth and ascorbic acid content significantly contributes to the ability to improve the functionality of the human immune system. Duodenal peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori can be treated with amaranth oil.
References
Akubugwo IE, Obasi NA, Chinyere GC, Ugbogu AE (2007). Nutritional and chemical value of Amaranthus hybridus L. leaves from Afikpo, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6:2833-9. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2452
Bai J, Zhang Y, Tang C, Hou Y, Ai X, Chen X, Meng X (2021). Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110985
Baraniak J, Kania-Dobrowolska M (2022). The dual nature of amaranth-functional food and potential medicine. Foods 11(4):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040618
Bekkering CS, Tian L (2019). Thinking outside of the cereal box: Breeding underutilized (pseudo) cereals for improved human nutrition. Frontiers in Genetics 10:1289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01289
Burić M, Popović V, Ljubičić N, Filipović V, Stevanović P, Ugrenović V, Rajičić V (2023). Productivity of black oats: Avena strigosa Schreb. on chernozem and its significance as food and medicine. Selekcija i Semenarstvo 29(1):21-32. https://doi.org/10.5937/SelSem2301021B
Carrasco RR, Encina CR (2008). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante y compuestos fenólicos de cereales Andinos: Quinua. Chenopodium quinoa, kaniva (Chenopodium pallidicaule) y kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). Revision de la Sociedad Quimica de Peni 74:85-99.
Cherkas A, Zarkovic K, Cipak Gasparovic A, Jaganjac M, Milkovic L, … Zarkovic N (2018). Amaranth oil reduces accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal-histidine adducts in gastric mucosa and improves heart rate variability in duodenal peptic ulcer patients undergoing Helicobacter pylori eradication. Free Radical Research 52(2):135-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2017.1418981
Cheng A (2018). Shaping a sustainable food future by rediscovering long-forgotten ancient grains. Plant Science 269:136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.018
de la Rosa AB, Fomsgaard IS, Laursen B, Mortensen AG, Olvera-Martínez L, Silva-Sánchez C, … De León-Rodríguez A (2009). Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) as an alternative crop for sustainable food production: Phenolic acids and flavonoids with potential impact on its nutraceutical quality. Journal of Cereal Science 49(1):117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.012
Fasuyi AO, Dairo FAS, Adeniji AO (2007). Protein supplementary quality of tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal in broiler starter diets: bionutritional evaluation. International Journal of Agricultural Research 2:976-986. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2007.976.986
Fasuyi AO, Dairo FAS, Adeniji AO (2008). Tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal as alternative protein supplement in broiler starter diets: bio nutritional evaluation. Journal of Central European Agriculture 9(1):23-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2007.976.986
Filipović V, Ugrenović V, Popović V, Popović S, Mrđan S, Dragumilo A, Ugrinović M (2021). Use and agroecology efficiency of medicinal plants in plant production. An Introduction to Medicinal Herbs. Chapter in Book Emerald M (Ed). pp 1-365. https://doi.org/10.52305/TKAL3430
Filipović V, Ugrenović V, Popović V, Dimitrijević S, Popović S, Aćimović M, Dragumilo A, Pezo L (2023). Productivity and flower quality of different pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) varieties on the compost produced from medicinal plant waste, Industrial Crops and Products 192:116093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.116093
Gandhi P, Samarth RM, Peter K (2020). Chapter title: Bioactive compounds of Amaranth (Genus Amaranthus). In Bioactive compounds in underutilized vegetables and legumes. Book, pp 1-37.
Glamočlija Đ, Janković S, Popović V, Kuzevski J, Filipović V, Ugrenović V (2015). Alternative field crops in conventional and organic farming systems. (Alternativne ratarske biljke u konvencionalnom i organskom sistemu gajenja, In Serbian) Institute for the Application of Science in Agriculture, Belgrade.
Grobelnik S, Turinek M, Jakop M, Bavec M, Bavec F (2009). Nutrition value and use of grain amaranth: Potential future application in bread making. Agriculture 6(2):43-53.
Hadživuković S (1991). Statistical methods (the application in agricultural and biological research). Institute of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Novi Sad; pp 1-244.
House NC, Puthenparampil D, Malayil D, Narayanankutty A (2020). Variation in the polyphenol composition, antioxidant, and anticancer activity among different Amaranthus species. South African Journal of Botany 135:408-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.09.026.
Jhade D, Ahirwar D, Jain R, Sharma NK, Gupta S (2011). Pharmacognostic standardization, physico- and phytochemical evaluation of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. root. Journal of Young Pharmacists 3:221-225. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.83770
Kaur J, Gulati M, Singh SK, Kuppusamy G, Kapoor B, Mishra V, Corrie L (2022). Discovering multifaceted role of vanillic acid beyond flavours: Nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Trends in Food Science and Technology 122:187-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.023
Koh ES, Kim SJ, Yoon HE, Chung JH, Chung S, Park CW, Chang YS, Shin SJ (2014). Association of blood manganese level with diabetes and renal dysfunction: A cross–sectional study of the Korean general population. BMC Endocrine Disorders 14:24-32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-14-24
Kumar BSA, Lakshman K, Jayaveera KN, Krishna NV, Manjunath M, Suresh MV (2009). Estimation of rutin and quercetin in Amaranthus viridis Linn. by HPLC. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:437-442.
Krkoskova B, Mrazova Z (2005). Prophylactic components of buckwheat. Food Research International 38(5):561-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2004.11.009
Lakić Ž, Popović V, Ćosić M, Antić M (2022). Genotypes variation of Medicago sativa (L.) seed yield components in acid soil under conditions of cross – fertilization. Genetika 54(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR2201001L
Lee SH, Jouihan HA, Cooksey RC, et al. (2013). Manganese supplementation protects against diet–induced diabetes in wild type mice by enhancing insulin secretion. Endocrinology 154(3):1029-1038. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1445
Mekonnen G, Woldesenbet M, Teshale T, Biru T (2018). Amaranthus caudatus production and nutrition contents for food security and healthy living in Menit Shasha, Menit Goldya and Maji Districts of Bench Maji Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Nutrition and Food Science International Journal 7(3):1-7.
McDonald S, Prenzler PD, Antolovich M, Robards K (2001). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry 73:73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00288-0
Miroshnichenko LA, Zoloedov VI, Volynkina AP, Kulakova SN (2009). Influence dietary therapy with use sunflower and amaranth oils on parameters of immune reactivity in patients with diabetes mellitus 2 type. Voprosy Pitaniia 78(4):30-36.
Nožinić M, Lakić Ž, Popović V (2022). Medicinal properties and main indicators of seed and oil quality of flaxseed - Linum usitatissimum L. Agriculture and Forestry 68(3):57-69. https://doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.68.3.04
Nsimba RY, Kikuzaki H, Konishi Y (2008). Antioxidant activity of various extracts and fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp. seeds. Food Chemistry 106(2):760-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.004
Patil SL, Mallaiah SH, Patil RK (2013). Antioxidative and radioprotective potential of rutin and quercetin in Swiss albino mice exposed to gamma radiation. Journal of Medical Physics 38:87-92. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6203.111321
Park SJ, Sharma A, Lee HJ (2020). A review of recent studies on the antioxidant activities of a third - Millennium food: Amaranthus spp. Antioxidants 9:1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121236
Paredes-Lopez O, Hernández-López D (1992). Food properties of amaranth seeds and methods for starch isolation and characterization. In: Seed analysis. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer, pp 217-39.
Petrović B, Vukomanović P, Popović MV, Jovović Z, Nikolić M, Šarčević Todosijević Lj, Jović S (2021). Herbal remedies in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Chapter 7. Ed. Emerald M. Book Title: An Introduction to Medicinal Herbs. NOVA Science publishers, USA, pp 205-236. https://doi.org/10.52305/TKAL3430
Petrović B, Vukomanović P, Popović V, Šarčević-Todosijević Lj, Burić M, Nikolić M, Đorđević S (2022). Significance and efficacy of triterpene saponine herbal drugs with expectorant action in cough therapy. Agriculture and Forestry, Podgorica 68(3):221-239. https://doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.68.3.17
Popović V, Glamočlija Đ, Sikora V, Đekić V, Červenski J, Simić D, Ilin S (2013). Genotypic specificity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under conditions of foliar fertilization. Romanian Agricultural Research 30:259-270.
Popović V, Petrović B, Ignjatov M, Popović BD, Vukomanović P, Milošević D, Filipović V (2021). Economic justification application of medicinal plants in cosmetic and pharmacy for the drugs discovery. An introduction to medicinal herbs. Chapter in Book Emerald M (Ed). Pp 1-365. https://doi.org/10.52305/TKAL3430
Popović D, Rajičić V, Popović V, Burić M, Filipović V, Gantner V, Lakić Z, Bozović D (2022a). Economically significant production of Secale cereale L. as functional food. Agriculture and Forestry 68(3):133-145. https://doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.68.3.11
Popović V, Burić M, Mihailović A, Aćimić-Remiković M, Vukeljić N, Batrićević M, Šarčević Todosijević Lj, Petrović B (2022b). Medicinal properties of buckwheat products and honey in compliance with food safety regulatory requirements. Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences - JAFES, North Macedonia 76(3):16-24.
https://doi.org/10.55302/JAFES22763016p
Prasad R, Prasad SB (2019). A review on the chemistry and biological properties of rutin, a promising nutraceutical agent. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5:1-20. https://doi.org/10.31024/ajpp.2019.5.s1.1
Rastogi A, Shukla S (2013): Amaranth: A new millennium crop of nutraceutical values. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 53(2):109-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.517876
Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R, Pena J, Kallio H, Salminen S (2009). Dietary fiber and other functional components in two varieties of crude and extruded kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). Journal of Cereal Science 49:219-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2008.10.003
Roriz CL, Xavier V, Heleno SA, Pinela J, Dias MI, Calhelha RC, … Barros L (2021). Chemical and bioactive features of Amaranthus caudatus L. flowers and optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains. Foods 10(4):779. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040779
Rucker D, Thadhani R, Tonelli M (2010). Trace element status in hemodialysis patients. Seminars in Dialysis 23(4):389-395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00746.x
Shyam SR, Raghuvanshi RS (2015). Standardization of cakes by using different levels of Amaranth flour and its acceptability. IJSR 4:1859-1861.
Silva-Sánchez C, de la Rosa AP, León-Galván MF, de Lumen BO, de León-Rodríguez A, de Mejía EG (2008). Bioactive peptides in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(4):1233-1240. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072911z
Simić D, Janković S, Popović V, Stanković S, Rahović D, Markoski M, Predić T, Ugrenović V (2023). Testing of the potassium content in the soil for the purpose of preserving biodiversity. Agriculture and Forestry 69(1):31-41. https://doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.69.1.03
Simić D, Janković S, Popović V, Petrović M, Stanković S, Nikolić D, Gordanić S (2024). Improvement of sustainable production of medicinal herbs - mint, lemon balm and marshmallow. Agriculture and Forestry 70(2):49-59. https://doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.70.2.4
Soriano-Garcia M, Arias-Olguín II, Montes JPC, Ramirez DGR., Figueroa JSM, Valverde EF, Rodrguez MRV (2018). Nutritional functional value and therapeutic utilization of Amaranth. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 7(5):596-600. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2018.07.00288
Soriano-García M, Aguirre-Díaz IS (2019). Nutritional functional value and therapeutic utilization of amaranth. Intechopen. Book Nutritional Value of Amaranth. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86897
Spackman DH, Stein WH, Moore S (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for use in chromatography of amino acids. Analytical Chemistry 30:1190-1206. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60139a006
Stevanović A (2022): Genetic values of production traits of introduced species of the amaranth genus (Amaranthus L.). Doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Biofarming, Backa Topola, Megatrend University, Belgrade. (In Serbian).
Stevanović TA, Petrović BB, Sekulić LjT, Šarčević-Todosijević, MLj, Bošković ZJ (2023b). Medicinal plants from science to tradition. In Serbian: Lekovite biljke od nauke do tradicije. Monograph. MIANU Belgrade. ISBN 978-86-81512-08-1, pp 543.
Subhasree B, Baskar R, Laxmi Keerthana R, Lijina Susan R, Rajasekaran P (2009). Evaluation of antioxidant potential in selected green leafy vegetables. Food Chemistry 115:1213-20. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-2-5-2
Sundaram SS, Suresh K (2019). Hepatoprotective effect of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Alagar hills of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The Pharma Innovation Journal 8(4):885-888.
Thaipong K, Boonprakob U, Crosby K, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Hawkins Byrne D (2006). Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19(6-7):669-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.01.003.
Vasileva V, Georgiev G, Popović V (2023). Genotypic specificity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plastid pigments content under sowing date and interrow spacing. Genetika 55(2):455-471. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR2302455V
Yelisyeyeva O, Semen K, Zarkovic N, Kaminskyy D, Lutsyk O, Rybalchenko V (2012). Activation of aerobic metabolism by Amaranth oil improves heart rate variability both in athletes and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 118(2):47-57. https://doi.org/10.3109/13813455.2012.659259
Wolosik K, Zareba I, Surazynski A, Markowska A (2017). The possible pre- and post-UVA radiation protective effect of Amaranth oil on human skin fibroblast cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine 13(Suppl 2):S339-S343. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_522_15

Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Aleksandar STEVANOVIĆ, Vera M. POPOVIĆ, Aleksandar FILIPOVIĆ, Jelena Z. BOŠKOVIĆ, Vladan PEŠIĆ, Tatjana MARINKOVIĆ, Aleksandra STOJIĆEVIĆ

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License:
Open Access Journal:
The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restriction. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.