Application of Rhizopus microsporus and Aspergillus oryzae to enhance the defense capacity of eggplant seedlings against Meloidogyne incognita

Mohamed S. ATTIA; Mohamed H. SHARAF; Amr H. HASHEM; Amira Y. MAHFOUZ; Ghadir E. DAIGHAM; Abdulaziz A. AL-ASKAR; Hamada ABDELGAWAD; Mahmoud S. OMAR; Ali E. THABET; Mahmoud M. ABDALMOHSEN; Yousef R. ELADLY; Amer M. ABDELAZIZ

doi:10.15835/nbha51313300

Authors

Mohamed S. ATTIA Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Mohamed H. SHARAF Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Amr H. HASHEM Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Amira Y. MAHFOUZ Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department (Girls Branch) Cairo (EG)
Ghadir E. DAIGHAM Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department (Girls Branch) Cairo (EG)
Abdulaziz A. AL-ASKAR King Saud University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Riyadh (SA)
Hamada ABDELGAWAD Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp (BE)
Mahmoud S. OMAR Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Ali E. THABET Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Mahmoud M. ABDALMOHSEN Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Yousef R. ELADLY Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)
Amer M. ABDELAZIZ Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Cairo (EG)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha51313300

Keywords:

Aspergillus oryzae, biochemical defense, eggplant, fungi, nematicidal, Rhizopus microspores, root-knot nematode

Abstract

Several phytopathogens attack eggplant, causing crop damage. One of the most destructive plant diseases, Root-Knot Nematode (RKN), causes significant damage to eggplant seedlings. Finding safe and effective biological alternatives to prevent eggplant root nematode disease, which significantly limits plant productivity, is the innovative aspect of this study. Six isolates of plant growth-promoting fungus (PGPF) were tested in the current work for improving biochemical defense and physio-biochemical performance in eggplant seedlings under the Meloidogyne incognita challenge. PGPF isolates were tested in vitro for some biochemical traits such as Siderophores and HCN production. Besides, the antagonistic efficacy of PGPF filtrates against M. incognita was tested in vitro. The best isolates capable of producing HCN were F5 and F3 respectively. Also, F5 followed by F3 exhibited the maximum mortality proportions of 74.20% and 60.35% mortality in nematode juveniles after 96 hours respectively. Moreover, F5 has the highest level of antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ 145 µg/mL followed by F3 with IC₅₀ 350 µg/mL. thus, we identified F5 and F3 completely as Rhizopus microsporus (OQ291571.1 and Aspergillus oryzae OQ291572.1. Implementing R. microsporus and A. oryzae collectively in vivo study was the most successful therapy, limiting nematode recordings as 95.23%, 86.98%, 80.35%, 80%, and 68.78% reduction in females, galls, developmental stage, egg masses, second juveniles, respectively, in diseased seedlings. It could be suggested that the use of ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) of A. oryzae and R. microsporus might be commercially applied as a stimulator of eggplant and or anti-nematodes against M. incognita.

References

Abd Alhakim A, Hashem A, Abdelaziz AM, Attia MS (2022). Impact of plant growth promoting fungi on biochemical defense performance of tomato under fusarium infection. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 65(13):291-301. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.124008.5532

Abdelaziz AM, Attia MS, Salem MS, Refaay DA, Alhoqail WA, Senousy HH (2022a). Cyanobacteria-mediated immune responses in pepper plants against fusarium wilt. Plants 11(15):2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152049

Abdelaziz AM, El-Wakil DA, Attia MS, Ali OM, AbdElgawad H, Hashem AH (2022b). Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in Zea mays L. using endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Fungi 8(5):482. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjof8050482

Abdelaziz AM, Hashem AH, El-Sayyad GS, El-Wakil DA, Selim S, Alkhalifah DH, Attia MS (2023). Biocontrol of soil borne diseases by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Tropical Plant Pathology 48:105-127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-022-00544-7

Abdelaziz AM, Salem SS, Khalil AM, El-Wakil DA, Fouda HM, Hashem AH (2022). Potential of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles to control Fusarium wilt disease in eggplant (Solanum melongena) and promote plant growth. BioMetals 35(3):601-616.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-022-00391-8

Abd-Elgawad MM (2020). Biological control agents in the integrated nematode management of potato in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 30(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00325-x

Ahmad G, Khan A, Khan AA, Ali A, Mohhamad HI (2021). Biological control: a novel strategy for the control of the plant parasitic nematodes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 114(7):885-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-021-01577-9

Albalawi MA, Abdelaziz AM, Attia MS, Saied E, Elganzory HH, Hashem AH (2022). Mycosynthesis of silica nanoparticles using Aspergillus niger: Control of Alternaria solani causing early blight disease, induction of innate immunity and reducing of oxidative stress in eggplant. Antioxidants 11(12):2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122323

Albergoni V, Piccinni E, Coppellotti O (1980). Response to heavy metals in organisms—I. Excretion and accumulation of physiological and non physiological metals in Euglena gracilis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 67(2):121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4492(80)90006-4

Attia MS, Abdelaziz AM, Al-Askar AA, Arishi AA, Abdelhakim AM, Hashem AH (2022a). Plant growth-promoting fungi as biocontrol tool against fusarium wilt disease of tomato plant. Journal of Fungi 8(8):775. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080775

Attia MS, El-Sayyad GS, Abd Elkodous M, Khalil WF, Nofel MM, Abdelaziz AM, Farghali AA, El-Batal AI, El Rouby WM 2021. Chitosan and EDTA conjugated graphene oxide antinematodes in Eggplant: Toward improving plant immune response. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 179:333-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.005

Attia MS, El-Wakil DA, Hashem AH, Abdelaziz AM (2022b). Antagonistic effect of plant growth-promoting fungi against fusarium wilt disease in tomato: In vitro and in vivo study. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03975-9

Attia MS, Hashem AH, Badawy AA, Abdelaziz AM (2022c). Biocontrol of early blight disease of eggplant using endophytic Aspergillus terreus: improving plant immunological, physiological and antifungal activities. Botanical Studies 63(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-022-00357-6

Attia MS, Younis AM, Ahmed AF, Elaziz A (20160. Comprehensive management for wilt disease caused by fusarium oxysporum in tomato plant. Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol 4(12):2348-7968.

Baazeem A, Alorabi M, Darwesh H, Alotaibi SS, El-Deen AN, Iqbal S, Naqvi SAH (2022). Biological control of Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) by potential antagonism of endophytic fungi isolated from Taify roses. Journal of King Saud University-Science 34(8):102329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102329

Badawy AA, Alotaibi MO, Abdelaziz AM, Osman MS, Khalil A, Saleh AM, Mohammed AE, Hashem AH (2021). Enhancement of seawater stress tolerance in barley by the endophytic fungus Aspergillus ochraceus. Metabolites 11(7):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070428

Bates L, Waldren Ra, Teare I (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39:205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060

Benttoumi N, Colagiero M, Sellami S, Boureghda H, Keddad A, Ciancio A (2020). Diversity of Nematode microbial antagonists from Algeria shows occurrence of nematotoxic Trichoderma spp. Plants 9(8):941. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080941

Bhalerao RP, Eklöf J, Ljung K, Marchant A, Bennett M, Sandberg G (2002). Shoot‐derived auxin is essential for early lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis seedlings. The Plant Journal 29(3):325-332. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7412.2001.01217.x

Brownlee K (1952). Probit Analysis: A Statistical Treatment of the Sigmoid Response Curve, JSTOR.

Carev I, Gelemanović A, Glumac M, Tutek K, Dželalija M, Paiardini A, Prosseda G (2023). Centaurea triumfetii essential oil chemical composition, comparative analysis, and antimicrobial activity of selected compounds. Scientific Reports 13(1):7475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34058-2

Chakraborty S, Newton AC (2011). Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview. Plant Pathology 60(1):2-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02411.x

Chao LK, Hua K-F, Hsu H-Y, Cheng S-S, Liu J-Y, Chang S-T (2005). Study on the antiinflammatory activity of essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53(18):7274-7278. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051151u

Cohen-Bazire G, Sistrom W, Vernon L, Seeley G (1966). The Chlorophylls. Academic Press.

Costa A, Corallo B, Amarelle V, Stewart S, Pan D, Tiscornia S, Fabiano E (2022). Paenibacillus sp. strain UY79, isolated from a root nodule of Arachis villosa, displays a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 88(2):e01645-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01645-21

Dahiya S, Batish DR, Singh HP (2021). Phytotoxicity of essential oil of Pogostemon benghalensis and its potential use as bioherbicide. Vegetos 34:807-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-021-00262-6

Dai G, Andary C, Cosson-Mondolot L, Boubals D (1993). Polyphenols and resistance of grapevines to downy mildew. International Symposium on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance 381:763-766. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.381.110

de Freitas Soares FE, Sufiate BL, de Queiroz JH (2018). Nematophagous fungi: Far beyond the endoparasite, predator and ovicidal groups. Agriculture and Natural Resources 52(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2018.05.010

Delcour I, Spanoghe P, Uyttendaele M (2015). Literature review: Impact of climate change on pesticide use. Food Research International 68:7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.09.030

Deng X, Wang X, Li G (2022). Nematicidal effects of volatile organic compounds from microorganisms and plants on plant-parasitic nematodes. Microorganisms 10(6):1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061201

Devi G, Bora L (2018). Effect of some biocontrol agents against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race2). International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 3(5):265260. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.5.23

Dilika F, Bremner P, Meyer J (2000). Antibacterial activity of linoleic and oleic acids isolated from Helichrysum pedunculatum: a plant used during circumcision rites. Fitoterapia 71(4):450-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00150-7

Dimkić I, Janakiev T, Petrović M, Degrassi G, Fira D (2022). Plant-associated Bacillus and Pseudomonas antimicrobial activities in plant disease suppression via biological control mechanisms-A review. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 117:101754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101754

Diyapoglu A, Oner M, Meng M (2022). Application potential of bacterial volatile organic compounds in the control of root-knot nematodes. Molecules 27(14):4355. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144355

Dowarah B, Gill SS, Agarwala N (2021). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in conferring tolerance to biotic stresses in plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10392-5

Duca D, Lorv J, Patten CL, Rose D, Glick BR (2014). Indole-3-acetic acid in plant–microbe interactions. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 106(1):85-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-013-0095-y

Elbasuney S, El-Sayyad GS, Attia MS, Abdelaziz AM (2022). Ferric oxide colloid: towards green nano-fertilizer for tomato plant with enhanced vegetative growth and immune response against fusarium wilt disease. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 32(11):4270-4283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02442-6

El-Fayoumy EA, Shanab SM, Gaballa HS, Tantawy MA, Shalaby EA (2021). Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of crude extract and different fractions of Chlorella vulgaris axenic culture grown under various concentrations of copper ions. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 21(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03194-x

Elkhateeb WA, Daba G, Soliman G (2021). The anti-nemic potential of mushroom against plant-parasitic nematodes. Open Access Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 6(1):000186. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000186

Elnahal AS, El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Desoky E-SM, El-Tahan AM, Rady MM, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA (2022). The use of microbial inoculants for biological control, plant growth promotion, and sustainable agriculture: A review. European Journal of Plant Pathology 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02393-7

Enebe MC, Babalola OO (2018). The influence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plant tolerance to abiotic stress: a survival strategy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102(18):7821-7835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9214-z

Engwa GA (2018). Free radicals and the role of plant phytochemicals as antioxidants against oxidative stress-related diseases. Phytochemicals: Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention. BoD–Books on Demand 7:49-74. https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76719

Etesami H, Maheshwari DK (2018). Use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) with multiple plant growth promoting traits in stress agriculture: Action mechanisms and future prospects. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 156:225-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.013

Farrag, A, Attia MS, Younis A, Abd Elaziz A (2017). Potential impacts of elicitors to improve tomato plant disease resistance. Al Azhar Bull Sci 9:311-321.

Fujimoto T, Tomitaka Y, Abe H, Tsuda S, Futai K, Mizukubo T (2011). Expression profile of jasmonic acid-induced genes and the induced resistance against the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) after foliar treatment with methyl jasmonate. Journal of Plant Physiology 168(10):1084-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.12.002

Ganesh M, Mohankumar M (2017). Extraction and identification of bioactive components in Sida cordata (Burm. f.) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Science and Technology 54(10):3082-3091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2744-z

Glick BR 2012. Plant growth-promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications. Scientifica 2012. https://doi.org/10.6064/2012/963401

Hashem AH, Suleiman WB, Abu-Elrish GM, El-Sheikh HH (2021). Consolidated bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse to microbial oil by newly isolated oleaginous fungus: Mortierella wolfii. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 46(1):199-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05076-3

Hussein JH, Mohammed YH, Imad HH (2016). Study of chemical composition of Foeniculum vulgare using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 8(3):60-89. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2015.0372

Ibrahim M, Oyebanji E, Fowora M, Aiyeolemi A, Orabuchi C, Akinnawo B, Adekunle AA (2021). Extracts of endophytic fungi from leaves of selected Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants exhibited antioxidant activity. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 21(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03269-3

Jasim B, Joseph AA, John CJ, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan E (2014). Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. 3 Biotech 4(2):197-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-013-0143-3

Ji X, Li J, Dong B, Zhang H, Zhang S, Qiao K (2019). Evaluation of fluopyram for southern root-knot nematode management in tomato production in China. Crop Protection 122:84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.04.028

Jonathan E (2009). Nematology: fundamentals and applications. New India Publishing.

Kapadia C, Patel N, Rana A, Vaidya H, Alfarraj S, Ansari MJ, Gafur A, Poczai P, Sayyed R (2022). Evaluation of plant growth-promoting and salinity ameliorating potential of halophilic bacteria isolated from saline soil. Frontiers in Plant Science 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.946217

Khalil A, Abdelaziz A, Khaleil M, Hashem A (2021). Fungal endophytes from leaves of Avicennia marina growing in semi‐arid environment as a promising source for bioactive compounds. Letters in Applied Microbiology 72(3):263-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13414

Khalil AM, Ahmed AF, Mahmoud EE, Abdelaziz AM (2015). Influence of organic farming system on microbial biomass and fungal communities of agricultural soil. African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 20(3):23-40.

Khan RAA, Najeeb S, Mao Z, Ling J, Yang Y, Li Y, Xie B (2020). Bioactive secondary metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against phytopathogenic bacteria and root-knot nematode. Microorganisms 8(3):401. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms8030401

Khattab AM, Abo-Taleb HA, Abdelaziz AM, El-Tabakh MA, El-Feky MM, Abu-Elghait M (2022). Daphnia magna and Gammarus pulex, novel promising agents for biomedical and agricultural applications. Scientific Reports 12(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17790-z

Khatua S. Pandey A, Biswas SJ (2016). Phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial properties of Trichosanthes dioica root extract. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 5(5):410.

Kim DG (2022). Molecular bases of interaction between soybean cyst nematode and antagonistic soil fungi. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Kour D, Rana KL, Yadav AN, Yadav N, Kumar M, Kumar V, Vyas P, Dhaliwal HS, Saxena AK (2020). Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 23:101487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101487

Krishnamoorthy K, Subramaniam P (2014). Phytochemical profiling of leaf, stem, and tuber parts of Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi using GC-MS. International Scholarly Research Notices 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/567409

Lammers A, Zweers H, Sandfeld T, Bilde T, Garbeva P, Schramm A, Lalk M (2021). Antimicrobial compounds in the volatilome of social spider communities. Frontiers in Microbiology 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.700693

Lawal I, Fardami AY, Ahmad FIi, Yahaya S, Abubakar AS, Sa’id MA, Marwana M, Maiyadi KA (2022). A review on nematophagus fungi: a potential nematicide for the biocontrol of nematodes. Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology 5(1):26-31. https://doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v5i1.677

Leveau JH, Lindow SE (2005). Utilization of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid for growth by Pseudomonas putida strain 1290. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71(5):2365-2371. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2365-2371.2005

Li Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang G, Peng Z, Zhang J (2018). Enhancing auxin accumulation in maize root tips improves root growth and dwarfs plant height. Plant Biotechnology Journal 16(1):86-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12751

Lima FS, Correa VR, Nogueira SR, Santos PR (2017). Nematodes affecting soybean and sustainable practices for their management. Soybean–basis of yield, biomass and productivity. pp 95-110.

Long H, Chen Y, Pei Y, Li H, Sun Y, Feng T (2022). Occurrence and identification of root-knot nematodes on red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Hainan, China. Agronomy 12(5):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051064

McSteen P (2010). Auxin and monocot development. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2(3):a001479. https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a001479

Meena M, Swapnil P, Divyanshu K, Kumar S, Tripathi YN, Zehra A, Marwal A, Upadhyay RS (2020). PGPR‐mediated induction of systemic resistance and physiochemical alterations in plants against the pathogens: Current perspectives. Journal of Basic Microbiology 60(10):828-861. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202000370

Mehtab R, Ibrahim M, Naz A, Faiyaz A, Faheem A, Rasheed M, Saify ZS (2018). Immunomodulatory activity and chemical characterization of fixed oils obtained from different parts of Oxytropis glabra DC. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 31(3).

Miao Y-h, Hu Y-h, Yang J, Liu T, Sun J, Wang X-j (2019). Natural source, bioactivity and synthesis of benzofuran derivatives. RSC Advances 9(47):27510-27540. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA04917G

Mishra P, Tripathi A, Dikshit A, Pandey A (2020a). Insecticides derived from natural products: diversity and potential applications. In: Natural Bioactive Products in Sustainable Agriculture, Springer, pp 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3024-1_6

Mishra PM, Sree A (2007). Antibacterial activity and GCMS analysis of the extract of leaves of Finlaysonia obovata (a mangrove plant). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2007.168.172

Mishra T, Kondepati AK, Pasumarthi SD, Chilana GS, Devabhaktuni S, Singh PK (2020b). Phytotherapeutic antioxidants. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 11(2):96-100. https://doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v11i2.26465

Ms R, Pushpa K (2017). Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of Pergularia daemia (Forssk) Chiov. Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research.

Onkendi EM, Kariuki GM, Marais M, Moleleki LN (2014). The threat of root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Africa: a review. Plant Pathology 63(4):727-737. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12202

Oostenbrink M 1960. Estimating nematode populations by some selected methods. Nematology 85-102.

Pereira CB, de Sß NP, Borelli BM, Rosa CA, Barbeira PJS, Cota BB, Johann S (2016). Antifungal activity of eicosanoic acids isolated from the endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella sp. against Cryptococcus neoformans and C. ágattii. Microbial Pathogenesis 100:205-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.09.022

Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C (2008). Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. International Journal of Biomedical Science: IJBS, 4(2):89.

Photolo MM, Mavumengwana V, Sitole L, Tlou MG (2020). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of a bacterial endophyte, methylobacterium radiotolerans MAMP 4754, isolated from combretum erythrophyllum seeds. International Journal of Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9483670

Punia S, Sandhu KS, Grasso S, Purewal SS, Kaur M, Siroha AK, Kumar K, Kumar V, Kumar M (2020). Aspergillus oryzae fermented rice bran: A byproduct with enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential. Foods 10(1):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010070

Ramakrishna W, Yadav R, Li K (2019). Plant growth promoting bacteria in agriculture: Two sides of a coin. Applied Soil Ecology 138:10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.02.019

Ramette A, Frapolli M, Défago G, Moënne-Loccoz Y (2003). Phylogeny of HCN synthase-encoding hcnBC genes in biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads and its relationship with host plant species and HCN synthesis ability. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16(6):525-535. https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.6.525

Ravichandra N (2014). Symptoms caused by phytonematodes and disease diagnosis. In: Horticultural Nematology, Springer, pp 89-100.

Rivard C, O'Connell S, Peet M, Louws F (2010). Grafting tomato with interspecific rootstock to manage diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and southern root-knot nematode. Plant Disease 94(8):1015-1021. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-8-1015

Rivero-Cruz JF, Granados-Pineda J, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Pérez-Rojas JM, Kumar-Passari A, Diaz-Ruiz G, Rivero-Cruz BE (2020). Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extract of Mexican brown propolis. Antioxidants 9(1):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010070

Sahin N, Kula I, Erdogan Y (2006). Investigation of antimicrobial activities of nonanoic acid derivatives. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 15(2):141-143.

Saied E, Salem SS, Al-Askar AA, Elkady FM, Arishi AA, Hashem AH (2022). Mycosynthesis of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles using Aspergillus niger and their antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities. Bioengineering 9(8):397. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9080397

Samada LH, Tambunan USF (2020). Biopesticides as promising alternatives to chemical pesticides: A review of their current and future status. Online Journal of Biological Sciences 20:66-76. https://doi.org/10.3844/ojbsci.2020.66.76

Scagliola M, Pii Y, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Ricciuti P, Crecchio C (2016). Characterization of plant growth promoting traits of bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) grown under Fe sufficiency and deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 107:187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.002

Schippers B, Bakker A, Bakker P, Van Peer R (1990). Beneficial and deleterious effects of HCN-producing pseudomonads on rhizosphere interactions. Plant and Soil 129(1):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011693

Sehrawat A, Sindhu SS, Glick BR (2022). Hydrogen cyanide production by soil bacteria: Biological control of pests and promotion of plant growth in sustainable agriculture. Pedosphere 32(1):15-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60058-9

Senthilkumar N, Murugesan S, Vijayalakshmi K (2012). GC-MS-MS analysis of Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv (Meliaceae): A tree of ethnobotanical records. Asian Journal of Plant Science Research 2(2):193-97.

Sharaf MH, Abdelaziz AM, Kalaba MH, Radwan AA, Hashem AH (2022). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and phytochemical analysis of fungal endophytes isolated from Ocimum basilicum. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 194(3):1271-1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03702-w

Sharma M, Kaushik P (2021). Biochemical composition of eggplant fruits: A review. Applied Sciences 11(15):7078. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157078

Sikder M, Vestergård M, Kyndt T, Topalović O, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M (2022). Genetic disruption of Arabidopsis secondary metabolite synthesis leads to microbiome-mediated modulation of nematode invasion. The ISME Journal 16(9):2230-2241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01276-x

Singh S (2014). A review on possible elicitor molecules of cyanobacteria: their role in improving plant growth and providing tolerance against biotic or abiotic stress. Journal of Applied Microbiology 117(5):1221-1244. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12612

Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1982). Statistical methods. 2nd printing. Iowa State Univ. press, Ame., USA, pp 507.

Soliman M, El‐Deriny M, Ibrahim D, Zakaria H, Ahmed Y (2021). Suppression of root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants using the nematode trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora Fresenius. Journal of Applied Microbiology 131(5):2402-2415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15101

Soliman MKY, Abu-Elghait M, Salem SS, Azab MS (2022). Multifunctional properties of silver and gold nanoparticles synthesis by Fusarium pseudonygamai. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03507-9

Strain HH, Svec WA (1966). Extraction, separation, estimation, and isolation of the chlorophylls. In: The chlorophylls. Elsevier, pp 21-66.

Sujatha N, Ammani K (2013). Siderophore production by the isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonads. International Journal of Current Research and Review 5(20):1.

Suleiman W, El-Sheikh H, Abu-Elreesh G, Hashem A (2018a). Recruitment of Cunninghamella echinulata as an Egyptian isolate to produce unsaturated fatty acids. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences 9(1):764-774.

Suleiman W, El-Skeikh H, Abu-Elreesh G, Hashem A (2018b). Isolation and screening of promising oleaginous Rhizopus sp and designing of Taguchi method for increasing lipid production. Journal of Innovation in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences 5:8-15.

Swarnalatha GV, Goudar V, Reddy ECRGS, Al Tawaha ARM, Sayyed R (2022). Siderophores and their applications in sustainable management of plant diseases. Secondary Metabolites and Volatiles of PGPR in Plant-Growth Promotion 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07559-9_14

Sympli HD (2021). Estimation of drug-likeness properties of GC–MS separated bioactive compounds in rare medicinal Pleione maculata using molecular docking technique and SwissADME in silico tools. Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics 10(1):1-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-020-00276-1

Tahseen Q (2012). Nematodes in aquatic environments: adaptations and survival strategies. Biodiversity Journal 3(1):13-40.

Tariq-Khan M, Munir A, Mukhtar T, Hallmann J, Heuer H (2017). Distribution of root-knot nematode species and their virulence on vegetables in northern temperate agro-ecosystems of the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 124(3):201-212.

Trivedi P, Pandey A, Palni LMS (2008). In vitro evaluation of antagonistic properties of Pseudomonas corrugata. Microbiological Research 163(3):329-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.06.007

Verma PP, Shelake RM, Das S, Sharma P, Kim J-Y (2019). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and fungi (PGPF): potential biological control agents of diseases and pests. In: Microbial interventions in agriculture and environment. Springer, pp 281-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8391-5_11

Yuen J, Collinge DB, Djurle A, Tronsmo AM (2020). Plant Pathology in a Changing World 23. Plant Pathology and Plant Diseases 379. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789243185.0379

Zaker M (2016). Natural plant products as eco-friendly fungicides for plant diseases control-A review. The Agriculturists 14(1):134-141. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v14i1.29111

Zhang H, Hua Y, Chen J, Li X, Bai X, Wang H (2018). Organism-derived phthalate derivatives as bioactive natural products. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 36(3):125-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2018.1490512

Zhang Y, Li S, Li H, Wang R, Zhang K-Q, Xu J (2020). Fungi–nematode interactions: diversity, ecology, and biocontrol prospects in agriculture. Journal of Fungi 6(4):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040206