Evaluation of water deficit tolerance in maize genotypes using biochemical, physio-morphological changes and yield traits as multivariate cluster analysis

Authors

  • Piyanan PIPATSITEE National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)
  • Rujira TISARUM National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)
  • Thapanee SAMPHUMPHUANG National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)
  • Sumaid KONGPUGDEE National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)
  • Kanyaratt TAOTA National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)
  • Apisit EIUMNOH National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)
  • Suriyan CHA-UM National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) (TH)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha50112572

Keywords:

crop water stress index, normalized difference vegetation index, photosynthetic abilities, seedling stage, reproductive stage, yield traits

Abstract

Drought is an abiotic stress that inhibits plant growth and development and, therefore, declines crop productivity, as seen in maize plant. The aim of this investigation was to identify the candidate maize varieties that can be grown under water limited conditions using physio-morphological and yield attributes. Eight genotypes of maize including ‘Suwan4452’ (drought tolerant) as a positive check, ‘CP301’, ‘CP-DK888’, ‘DK7979’, ‘DK9901’, ‘Pac339’, ‘S7328’, and ‘Suwan5’ were selected as test plants. Physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics at seedling (24 day after sowing; DAS) and reproductive (80 DAS) developmental stages of plants under 20-day water withholding (WD), and yield traits at harvesting period were analysed. Leaf temperature in each genotype increased with the degree of water deficit stress, leading to leaf chlorosis, and reduction in maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), overall growth and yield. Pn and stomatal conductance (gs) in drought tolerant genotype, ‘Suwan4452’, were decreased by 19.1% and 18.6%, respectively, whereas these in drought sensitive, ‘Pac339’, were significantly declined by 53.9% and 61.8%, respectively. Physio-morphological parameters, growth performance and yield-related traits of maize genotypes grown under water deficit conditions and well-watered conditions were subjected to Ward’s cluster method for identification of water deficit tolerant cultivars. Maintaining photosynthetic abilities, osmotic adjustment and CWSI in drought tolerant genotypes of maize were evidently demonstrated to keep overall growth performance and yield attributes. Based on multivariate cluster analysis and PCA (principal component analysis), ‘Suwan4452’, ‘CP-DK888’ and ‘S7328’ were categorized as drought tolerant genotypes whereas ‘Suwan5’, ‘Pac339’, ‘DK7979’, ‘CP301’ and ‘DK9901’ were identified as drought susceptible cultivars. Hybrid maize cvs. ‘CP-DK888’ and ‘S7328’ may further be suggested to be grown in the rainfed area without irrigation.

References

Adewale SA, Akinwale RO, Fakorede MAB, Badu-Apraku B (2018). Genetic analysis of drought-adaptive traits at seedling stage in early-maturing maize inbred lines and field performance under stress conditions. Euphytica 214:145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2218-z

Adhikari B, Sa KJ, Lee JK (2019). Drought tolerance screening of maize inbred lines at an early growth stage. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology 7:326-339. https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2019.7.4.326

Akinwale RO, Awosanmi FE, Ogunniyi OO, Fadoju AO (2018). Determinants of drought tolerance at seedling stage in early and extra-early maize hybrids. Maydica 62:9.

Azadi H, Keramati P, Taheri F, Rafiaani P, Teklemariam D, Gebrehiwot K, … Witlox F (2018). Agricultural land conversion: Reviewing drought impacts and coping strategies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 31:184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.05.003

Cai Q, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Zheng J, Bai W, Zhang Y, … Zhang L (2017). Morphological plasticity of root growth under mild water stress increases water use efficiency without reducing yield in maize. Biogeosciences 14:3851. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3851-2017

Casari RA, Paiva DS, Silva VNB, Ferreira TMM, Souza MTJ, Oliveira NG, … Sousa CAF (2019). Using thermography to confirm genotypic variation for drought response in maize. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20:2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092273

Cha-um S, Somsueb S, Samphumphuang T, Kirdmanee C (2014). Screening of eight eucalypt genotypes (Eucalyptus sp.) for water deficit tolerance using multivariate cluster analysis. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 173:753-764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0888-0

Cha-um S, Supaibulwatana K, Kirdmanee C (2006). Water relation, photosynthetic ability and growth of Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML 105) to salt stress by application of exogenous glycinebetaine and choline. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192:25-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2006.00186.x

Chaves MM, Flexas J, Pinheiro C (2009). Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany 103:551-560. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn125

Chen T, Xia G, Liu T, Chen W, Chi D (2016a). Assessment of drought impact on main cereal crops using a standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in Liaoning Province, China. Sustainability 8:1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101069

Chen D, Wang S, Cao B, Cao D, Leng G, Li H, Yin L, Shan L, Deng X (2016b). Genotypic variation in growth and physiological response to drought stress and re-watering reveals the critical role of recovery in drought adaptation in maize seedlings. Frontiers in Plant Science 6:1241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01241

Comas LH, Trout TJ, DeJonge KC, Zhang H, Gleason SM (2019). Water productivity under strategic growth stage-based deficit irrigation in maize. Agricultural Water Management 212:433-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.015

Dalezios NR, Angelakis AN, Eslamian S (2018). Water scarcity management: Part 1: Methodological framework. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 17:1-40.

Drake JE, Power SA, Duursma RA, Medlyn BE, Aspinwall MJ, Choat B, … Tissue DT (2017). Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis for four tree species under drought: a comparison of model formulations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 247:454-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.026

Du L, Mikle N, Zou Z, Huang Y, Shi Z, Jiang L, McCarthy HR, Liang J, Luo Y (2018). Global patterns of extreme drought-induced loss in land primary production: Identifying ecological extremes from rain-use efficiency. Science of The Total Environment 628:611-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.114

Dwyer LM, Tollenaar M, Houwing L (1991). A nondestructive method to monitor leaf greenness in corn. Canada Journal of Plant Science 71:505-509. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-070

Effendi R, Priyanto SB, Aqil M, Azrai M (2019). Drought adaptation level of maize genotypes based on leaf rolling, temperature, relative moisture content, and grain yield parameters. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 270:012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/270/1/012016

Elliott J, Glotter M, Ruane AC, Boote KJ, Hatfield JL, Jones JW, Rosenzweig C, Smith LA, Foster I (2018). Characterizing agricultural impacts of recent large-scale US droughts and changing technology and management. Agricultural Systems 159:275-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.07.012

El-Sabagh A, Barutcular C, Hossain A, Islam MS (2018). Response of maize hybrids to drought tolerance in relation to grain weight. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 27:2476-2482.

Gao C, Li X, Sun Y, Zhou T, Luo G, Chen C (2019). Water requirement of summer maize at different growth stages and the spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural drought in the Huaihe River Basin, China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 136:1289-1302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2558-6

Gao D, Shi C, Li Q, Wei Z, Liu L, Feng J (2021). Drought tolerance monitoring of apple rootstock M. 9-T337 based on infrared and fluorescence imaging. Photosynthetica 59:458-467. https://doi.org/ 10.32615/ps.2021.035

Ge T, Sui F, Bai L, Tong C, Sun N (2012). Effects of water stress on growth, biomass partitioning, and water-use efficiency in summer maize (Zea mays L.) throughout the growth cycle. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 34:1043-1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0901-y

Gerber N, Mirzabaev A (2017). Benefits of action and costs of inaction: Drought mitigation and preparedness–A literature review. World Meteorological Organization; Global Water Partnership, Working Paper Integrated Drought Management Programme Working Paper 1. WMO, Geneva, Switzerland and GWP, Stockholm, Sweden.

Golbashy M, Ebrahimi M, Khorasani SK, Choukan R (2010). Evaluation of drought tolerance of some corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids in Iran. African Journal of Agricultural Research 5:2714-2719. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR.9000310

Govaerts B, Verhulst N (2010). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) Greenseeker handheld sensor: toward the integrated evaluation of crop management part A: concepts and case studies. Mexico. CIMMYT.

Greaves GE, Wang YM (2017). Yield response, water productivity, and seasonal water production functions for maize under deficit irrigation water management in southern Taiwan. Plant Production Science 20:353-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2017.1365613

Hall JW, Leng G (2019). Can we calculate drought risk… and do we need to? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6:e1349. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1349

Han M, Zhang H, DeJonge KC, Comas LH, Gleason S (2018). Comparison of three crop water stress index models with sap flow measurements in maize. Agricultural Water Management 203:366-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.030

Han M, Zhang H, DeJonge KC, Comas LH, Trout TJ (2016). Estimating maize water stress by standard deviation of canopy temperature in thermal imagery. Agricultural Water Management 177:400-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.031

Hao B, Xue Q, Marek TH, Jessup KE, Hou X, Xu W, … Bean BW (2015a). Soil water extraction, water use, and grain yield by drought-tolerant maize on the Texas High Plains. Agricultural Water Management 155:11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.007

Hao B, Xue Q, Marek TH, Jessup KE, Becker J, Hou X, … Howell TA (2015b). Water use and grain yield in drought-tolerant corn in the Texas High Plains. Agronomy Journal 107:1922–1930. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0133

Hao B, Xue Q, Marek TH, Jessup KE, Becker JD, Hou X, … Howell TA (2019). Grain yield, evapotranspiration, and water-use efficiency of maize hybrids differing in drought tolerance. Irrigation Science 37:25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-018-0597-5

Hao B, Xue Q, Marek TH, Jessup KE, Hou X, Xu W, Bynum D, Bean BW (2016). Radiation‐use efficiency, biomass production, and grain yield in two maize hybrids differing in drought tolerance. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 202:269-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12154

Hao ZF, Li XH, Su ZJ, Xie CX, Li MS, Liang XL, Weng JF, Zhang DG, Li L, Zhang XL (2011). A proposed selection criterion for drought resistance across multiple environments in maize. Breeding Science 61:101-108. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.61.101

He X, Estes L, Konar M, Tian D, Anghileri D, Baylis K, Evans TP, Sheffield J (2019). Integrated approaches to understanding and reducing drought impact on food security across scales. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 40:43-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.006

Idso S, Jackson RD, Pinter PJ, Reginato RJ, Hatfield JL (1981). Normalizing the stress-degree-day parameter for environmental variability. Agricultural Meteorology 24:45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(81)90032-7

Ihuoma SO, Madramootoo CA (2017). Recent advances in crop water stress detection. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 141:267-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.07.026

Jafari A, Paknejad F, Jami AA (2012). Evaluation of selection indices for drought tolerance of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. International Journal of Plant Production 3:33-38. https://doi.org/10.22069/IJPP.2012.661

Leng G, Hall J (2019). Crop yield sensitivity of global major agricultural countries to droughts and the projected changes in the future. Science of The Total Environment 654:811-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.434

Li YH, Cui JY, Zhao Q, Yang YZ, Wei L, Yang MD, Liang F, Ding ST, Wang TC (2019a). Physiology and proteomics of two maize genotypes with different drought resistance. Biologia Plantarum 63:519-528. https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2019.085

Li Y, Song H, Zhou L, Xu Z, Zhou G (2019b). Tracking chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of drought and rewatering across the entire leaf lifespan in a maize field. Agricultural Water Management 211:190-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.050

Liu Y, Zhang X, Tran H, Shan L, Kim J, Childs K, Ervin EH, Fr azier T, Zhao B (2015). Assessment of drought tolerance of 49 switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) genotypes using physiological and morphological parameters. Biotechnology for Biofuels 8:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0342-8

Liu X, Zhu X, Pan Y, Li S, Liu Y, Ma Y (2016). Agricultural drought monitoring: Progress, challenges, and prospects. Journal of Geographical Sciences 26:750-767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-016-1297-9

Loggini B, Scartazza A, Brugnoli E, Navari-Izzo F (1999). Antioxidant defense system, pigment composition, and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiology 119:1091-1100. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.3.1091

Maheswari M, Tekula VL, Yellisetty V, Sarkar B, Yadav SK, Singh J, … Maddi V (2016). Functional mechanisms of drought tolerance in maize through phenotyping and genotyping under well-watered and water stressed conditions. European Journal of Agronomy 79:43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.05.008

Makumbi D, Assanga S, Magorokosho C, Asea G, Worku M, Bänziger M (2018). Genetic analysis of tropical midaltitude-adapted maize populations under stress and nonstress conditions. Crop Science 58:1492-1507. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.09.0531

Manning DT, Lurbé S, Comas LH, Trout TJ, Flynn N, Fonte SJ (2018). Economic viability of deficit irrigation in the Western US. Agricultural Water Management 196:114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.024

Marwein MA, Choudhury BU, Chakraborty D, Kumar M, Das A, Rajkhowa DJ (2017) Response of water deficit regime and soil amelioration on evapotranspiration loss and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) in subtropical northeastern Himalayas. International Journal of Biometeorology 61:845-855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1262-4

Maxwell K, Johnson GN (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence-a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany 51:659-668. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659

Mi N, Cai F, Zhang Y, Ji R, Zhang S, Wang Y (2018). Differential responses of maize yield to drought at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plant, Soil and Environment 64:260-267. https://doi.org/10.17221/141/2018-PSE

Monteoliva MI, Guzzo MC, Posada GA (2021). Breeding for drought tolerance by monitoring chlorophyll content. Gene Technology 10:1-11.

Naghavi MR, Aboughadareh AP, Khalili M (2013). Evaluation of drought tolerance indices for screening some of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars under environmental conditions. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5:388-393. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb539049

Nanzad L, Zhang J, Tuvdendorj B, Nabil M, Zhang S, Bai Y (2019). NDVI anomaly for drought monitoring and its correlation with climate factors over Mongolia from 2000 to 2016. Journal of Arid Environments 164:69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.019

Nielsen DC, Schneekloth JP (2018). Drought genetics have varying influence on corn water stress under differing water availability. Agronomy Journal 110:983-995. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.10.0579

Napasintuwong O (2020). Thailand’s maize seed market structure, conduct, performance. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society 8:1-15. https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202003241098

Oury V, Tardieu F, Turc O (2016a). Ovary apical abortion under water deficit is caused by changes in sequential development of ovaries and in silk growth rate in maize. Plant Physiology 171:986-996. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.00268

Oury V, Caldeira CF, Prodhomme D, Pichon JP, Gibon Y, Tardieu F, Turc O (2016b). Is change in ovary carbon status a cause or a consequence of maize ovary abortion in water deficit during flowering? Plant Physiology 171:997-1008. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.01130

Pipatsitee P, Eiumnoh A, Praseartkul P, Taota K, Kongpugdee S, Sakulleerungroj K, Cha-um S (2018). Application of infrared thermography to assess cassava physiology under w ater deficit condition. Plant Production Science 21:398-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2018.1530943

Pipatsitee P, Theerawitaya C, Tiasarum R, Samphumphuang T, Singh HP, Datta A, Cha-um S (2021). Physio-morphological traits and osmoregulation strategies of hybrid maize (Zea mays) at the seedling stage in response to water-deficit stress. Protoplasma 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01707-0

Pires MV, de Castro EM, de Freitas BSM, Lira JMS, Magalhães PC, Pereira MP (2020). Yield-related phenotypic traits of drought resistant maize genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany 171:103962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103962

Poolsawas S, Napasintuwong O (2019). Speed of hybrid maize adoption in Thailand: An application of duration analysis. Journal of International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences 25:1-13.

Rolando JL, Ramírez DA, Yactayo W, Monneveux P, Quiroz R (2015). Leaf greenness as a drought tolerance related trait in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 110:27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.09.006

Saglam A, Kadioglu A, Demiralay M, Terzi R (2014). Leaf rolling reduces photosynthetic loss in maize under severe drought. Acta Botanica Croatica 73:315-323.

Shao RX, Xin LF, Zheng HF, Li LL, Ran WL, Mao J, Yan QH (2016). Changes in chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of drought-stressed maize inbred lines. Photosynthetica 54:74-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-015-0158-6

Spinoni J, Barbosa P, de Jager A, McCormick N, Naumann G, Vogt JV, … Mazzeschi M (2019). A new global database of meteorological drought events from 1951 to 2016 Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 22:100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100593

Su Y, Wu F, Ao Z, Jin S, Qin F, Liu B, Pang S, Liu L, Guo Q (2019). Evaluating maize phenotype dynamics under drought stress using terrestrial lidar. Plant Methods 15:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0396-x

Sun Q, Liang X, Zhang D, Li X, Hao Z, Weng J, Li M, Zhang S (2017). Trends in drought tolerance in Chinese maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s. Field Crops Research 201:175-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.10.018

Tardieu F, Simonneau T, Muller B (2018). The physiological basis of drought tolerance in crop plants: a scenario-dependent probabilistic approach. Annual Review of Plant Biology 69:733-759. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040218

Tietjen B, Schlaepfer DR, Bradford JB, Lauenroth WK, Hall SA, Duniway MC, … Wilson SD (2017). Climate change‐induced vegetation shifts lead to more ecological droughts despite projected rainfall increases in many global temperate drylands. Global Change Biology 23:2743-2754. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13598

Trout TJ, DeJonge KC (2017). Water productivity of maize in the US high plains. Irrigation Science 35:251-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-017-0540-1

Voronin PY, Maevskaya SN, Nikolaeva MK (2019). Physiological and molecular responses of maize (Zea mays L.) plants to drought and rehydration. Photosynthetica 57:850-856. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2019.101

Wang J, Vanga S, Saxena R, Orsat V, Raghavan V (2018). Effect of climate change on the yield of cereal crops: A review. Climate 6:41. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020041

Wattoo FM, Rana RM, Fiaz S, Zafar SA, Noor MA, Hassan HM, … Amir RM (2018). Identification of drought tolerant maize genotypes and seedling based morpho-physiological selection indices for crop improvement. Sains Malays 47:295-302. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4702-11

West H, Quinn N, Horswell M (2019). Remote sensing for drought monitoring & impact assessment: Progress, past challenges, and future opportunities. Remote Sensing of Environment 232:111291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111291

Yang H, Gu X, Ding M, Lu W, Lu D (2019). Activities of starch synthetic enzymes and contents of endogenous hormones in waxy maize grains subjected to post-silking water deficit. Scientific Reports 9:7059. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43484-0

Zhang L, Niu Y, Zhang H, Han W, Li G, Tang J, Peng X (2019a). Maize canopy temperature extracted from UAV thermal and RGB imagery and its application in water stress monitoring. Frontiers in Plant Science 10:1270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01270

Zhang L, Zhang H, Niu Y, Han W (2019b). Mapping maize water stress based on UAV multispectral remote sensing. Remote Sensing 11:605. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060605

Zhang Q, Yu H, Sun P, Singh VP, Shi P (2019c). Multisource data based agricultural drought monitoring and agricultural loss in China. Global and Planetary Change 172:298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.017

Zhang H, Han M, Comas LH, DeJonge KC, Gleason SM, Trout TJ, Ma L (2019d). Response of maize yield components to growth stage-based deficit irrigation. Agronomy Journal 111:3244-3252. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.03.0214

Zhang RH, Zhang XH, Camberato JJ, Xue JQ (2015). Photosynthetic performance of maize hybrids to drought stress. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 62:788-796. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443715060187

Zhao J, Xue Q, Hao B, Marek TH, Jessup KE, Xu W, Bean BW, Colaizzi PD (2019). Yield determination of maize hybrids under limited irrigation. Journal of Crop Improvement 33:410-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2019.1606129

Ziyomo C, Bernardo R (2013). Drought tolerance in maize: indirect selection through secondary traits versus genome wide selection. Crop Science 53:1269-1275. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.11.0651

Published

2022-02-21

How to Cite

PIPATSITEE, P., TISARUM, R., SAMPHUMPHUANG, T., KONGPUGDEE, S., TAOTA, K., EIUMNOH, A., & CHA-UM, S. (2022). Evaluation of water deficit tolerance in maize genotypes using biochemical, physio-morphological changes and yield traits as multivariate cluster analysis. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 50(1), 12572. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha50112572

Issue

Section

Research Articles
CITATION
DOI: 10.15835/nbha50112572

Most read articles by the same author(s)